[49]:142 From the 1830s through 1848, 3,000 people emigrated from County Monaghan to PEI in what became known as the Monaghan settlements, forming the largest group of Irish to arrive on the Island in the first half of the 19th century. [29] The Catholic church was less successful in dealing with tensions between its French and the Irish clergy; eventually the Irish took control.[30][31]. In three years alone, 1844 to 1847, 30,000 Irish came to Partridge Island, a quarantine station in the city's harbour. The first book, Atlantic Canada's Irish Immigrants: A Fish and Timber Story, deals with the Irish pioneers of Atlantic Canada (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland). French or British governments initially seemed unprepared to expend vast quantities of money or energy necessary to encourage settlement. It annually attracts crowds of over 600,000 people. [33], The Orange Order, with its two main tenets, anti-Catholicism and loyalty to Britain, flourished in Ontario. Loyola College was founded by the Jesuits to serve Montreal's mostly Irish English-speaking Catholic community in 1896. Irish men often became man servants and personally cared for the man of the house or the horses in the stables. Most of the Irish migration to Newfoundland was pre-famine (late 18th century and early 19th century), and two centuries of isolation have led many of Irish descent in Newfoundland to consider their ethnic identity "Newfoundlander", and not "Irish", although they are aware of the cultural links between the two. Patterns, Links and Letters, The Waning of the Green: Catholics, the Irish, and Identity in Toronto 1887–1922, Creed and Culture. By 1870, only the successful settlers, most of whom were farmers who raised grazing animals, remained. Immigrants from earlier decades may well have experienced greater economic difficulties, but in general the Irish in Ontario in the 1890s enjoyed levels of wealth commensurate with the rest of the populace. [26] Peter Robinson organized land settlements of Catholic tenant farmers in the 1820s to areas of rural Eastern Ontario, which helped establish Peterborough as a regional centre. In the years between 1815, when vast industrial changes began to disrupt the old life-styles in Europe, and Canadian Confederation in 1867, when immigration of that era passed its peak, more than 150,000 immigrants from Ireland flooded into Saint John, New Brunswick. Land estate owners in Ireland would either evict landholder tenants to board on returning empty lumber ships, or in some cases pay their fares. In, Jenkins, W. "Between the Lodge and the Meeting-House: Mapping Irish Protestant Identities and Social Worlds in late Victorian Toronto,", Jenkins, W. "Patrolmen and Peelers: Immigration, Urban Culture, and the 'Irish Police' in Canada and the United States,". 92 (2013): 349–366. Employment opportunities in the cities, in Toronto but elsewhere, occupations included construction, liquor processing (see Distillery District), Great Lakes shipping, and manufacturing. Canada is a country of immigrants. By 1867, they were the second largest ethnic group (after the French), and comprised 24% of Canada's population. Newfoundland had acquired a name in the Irish language — “Talamh an Éisc” (translated as “land of fish”) — a singular distinction in the New World. What’s more, given BC’s vast shoreline and forest greenery and the oil which has played a large part in Alberta’s economic resurgence, the two regions represent a nice blend between the city and country. They were commonly Irish speakers, and in the eighteen thirties and eighteen forties there were many Irish-speaking communities along the New Brunswick and Maine frontier.[47]. Considering that many other Canadians throughout Canada likewise have Irish roots, in addition to those who may simply identify as Canadian, the total number of Canadians with some Irish ancestry extrapolated would include a significant proportion of the Canadian population. In that instance, the Irish sided with the Protestants to oppose the demand for French-language Catholic schools. (1988). A large number of the families that survived continued on to settle in Canada West (now Ontario) and provided a cheap labor pool and colonization of land in a rapidly expanding economy in the decades after their arrival. Catholic Irish settlement in Nova Scotia was traditionally restricted to the urban Halifax area. Orange Order parades ended in rioting with Catholics, many Irish-speaking, fighting against increased marginalization trapped in Irish ghettos at York Point and North End areas such as Portland Point. [46], The Miramichi River valley, received a significant Irish immigration in the years before the famine. Female Irish immigrants took on jobs such as chambermaids, cooks and running errands for rich city dwellers. [49]:4, The first waves of Irish immigrants took place between 1763 and 1880. when ten thousand Irish immigrants arrived on the Island. Women generally entered into domestic service. The Jubilee Riots of 1875 jarred Toronto in a time when sectarian tensions ran at their highest. The Highland Scots became the largest community in the early 19th century, and their heritage has survived in diminished form. 70 from the Beckwith book (2.7). The Place of English-Speaking Catholics in Canadian Society 1750–1930, "The Orange Order and Social Violence in Mid-nineteenth Century Saint John", Newfoundland: The Most Irish Place Outside of Ireland, The Shamrock and the Maple Leaf: Irish-Canadian Documentary Heritage at Library and Archives Canada, Irish-Canadian Documentary Heritage at Library and Archives Canada, Canada's AUBRY family traced to a BRENNAN who was the first Irish immigrant, Tec Cornelius Aubrenan: The First Irish Immigrant in Canada, The Canadian Association for Irish Studies (CAIS), Historica’s Heritage Minute video docudrama about “Orphans.”, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irish_Canadians&oldid=1005003738, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles with dead external links from December 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Cottrell, Michael. There’s a popular image of immigrants as people fleeing dire circumstances or an impoverished background in hopes of starting over in a new country. That being said, while they lead the list population-wise, these two provinces “trail” others on this list in other respects. At the same time, ships with the starving also docked at Partridge Island, New Brunswick in similarly desperate circumstances. Horner, Dan. Irish men helped to build the railroad and would go away from family and friends to construct the railroads in the west. [51] The Irish-born Captain Walter Patterson was the first Governor of St John's Island from 1769 until he was removed from office by Whitehall in 1787. In response the Church built a network of charitable institutions such as hospitals, schools, boarding homes, and orphanages, to meet the need and keep people inside the faith. [32] Irish Catholics in Toronto were an embattled minority among a Protestant population that included a large Irish Protestant contingent strongly committed to the Orange Order. The Irish workers would follow the construction jobs across the country, and they would work long hours in unsanitary and unsafe conditions. There is a secondary learning from the Swift & Co. story: this work has always been held by immigrant groups. Canada alone had over 300,000 Irish people migrate in a five year period. Irish Farming Families in Nineteenth-Century Ontario, Irish Emigration and Canadian Settlement. In 1847, dubbed "Black 47", one of the worst years of the Famine, some 16,000 immigrants, most of them from Ireland, arrived at Partridge Island, the immigration and quarantine station at the mouth of Saint John Harbour. [37], With Canadian Confederation in 1867, Catholics were granted a separate school board. 1.2 million Irish immigrants arrived from 1825 to 1970, and at least half of those in the period from 1831–1850. [41], Ciani (2008) concludes that support of World War I fostered an identity among Irish Catholics as loyal citizens and helped integrate them into the social fabric of the nation. Nativist Protestants had secured their dominance over the city's political systems at the peak of the famine, which saw the New Brunswick city's demographics completely changed with waves of immigration. Michael Fallon, the Catholic bishop of London, sided with the Protestants against the French Catholics. According to the Dictionary of Canadian Biography, what became known as the century-long "land question", originated with Patterson's failure as administrator of a colony whose lands were owned by a monopoly of British absentee proprietors who demanded rent from their Island tenants. Irish immigrants arrived in large numbers in Montreal during the 1840s and were hired as labourers to build the Victoria Bridge, living in a tent city at the foot of the bridge. The orphaned children were adopted into Quebec families and accordingly became Québécois, both linguistically and culturally. Murdoch (1998) notes that the popular image of Cape Breton Island as a last bastion of Scottish Highland and specifically Gaelic culture distorts the complex history of the island since the 16th century. There, with missionary Alexander Clarke, he formed the Reformed Presbytery of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia in 1832 before becoming minister of the West Cornwallis congregation in Grafton, Nova Scotia, in 1833. [9], Thomas D'Arcy McGee, an Irish-Montreal journalist, became a Father of Confederation in 1867. Seven Irishman were hung by the crown because of the uprising. French-speaking Catholics in Ontario achieved wealth and status less readily than Protestants and Irish Catholics. As Ireland was primarily rural, most were unprepared for the industrialized cities they were to call home, so high-paying jobs were rare. Nurses, doctors, priests, nuns, compatriots, some politicians and ordinary citizens aided them. Polish immigration was severely restricted during the Depression era in Canada with only about 3,500 immigrants allowed into Canada, primarily on the basis of family reunification. The immigrants often took jobs that others did not want to perform. Newfoundland is the only place outside Europe with its own distinctive name in the Irish language, Talamh an Éisc, "the land of fish". However by the end of the Second World War until 1956, approximately 64,000 Polish exiles and refugees came to Canada. Joining the Workforce. The society promoted Irish Canadian culture, but it was forbidden for members to speak of Irish politics when meeting. Newfoundland Irish was of Munster derivation and was still in use by older people into the first half of the twentieth century. Non-Christians made up only 2.7% of the total population, with the majority of those respondents indicating "no religion" (2.5% of the total population). It is estimated that between 1845 and 1847, some 30,000 arrived, more people than were living in the city at the time. While half of all respondents also identified their ethnicity as "Canadian", 38% report their ethnicity as "Newfoundlander" in a 2003 Statistics Canada Ethnic Diversity Survey. Domestic Jobs. The gender of immigrants to Canada in 2020 was just about an even split, with 141,046 male immigrants and 143,341 female immigrants. Riots or conflicts repeatedly broke out from 1858 to 1878, such as during the annual St. Patrick's Day parade or during various religious processions, which culminated in the Jubilee Riots of 1875. The BIS was founded as a charitable, fraternal, middle-class social organization, on the principles of "benevolence and philanthropy", and had as its original objective to provide the necessary skills which would enable the poor to better themselves. The Colony of Newfoundland rebellion was the only one to occur which the British administration linked directly to the Irish Rebellion of 1798. Hundreds, if not thousands, died from malaria.[27]. Sheppard (1990) looks at the efforts in the 1880s of Quaker philanthropist James Hack Tuke as well as those of Thomas Connolly, the Irish emigration agent for the Canadian government. The Irish were primarily Roman Catholic. [8] In Ontario, the Irish fought with the French for control of the Catholic Church, with the Irish successful. The Famine immigrants: lists of Irish immigrants arriving at the port of New York, 1846-1851, edited by Ira Glazier. The Irish men would stick to themselves in the railroad camps and did not often mingle with others of different nationality. However, most would move on to larger North American cities. How permanent a settlement was depended on circumstances. This only amplified with Fenian Raids of the time. According to professor emeritus, Brendan O'Grady, a history professor at the University of Prince Edward Island for fifty years, before the Great Famine[49]:4 of 1845–1852, in which a million Irish died and another million emigrated,[50]:226 the majority of Irish immigrants had already arrived on Prince Edward Island. He was instrumental in enshrining educational rights for Catholics as a minority group in the Canadian Constitution. The division would continue to shape Saint John in years to come. They broke out of the ghetto and lived in all of Toronto's neighbourhoods. In the 1600s, approximately 25,000 Irish Catholics left – some were forced to move, others left voluntarily – for the Caribbean and Virginia, while from the 1680s onwards Irish Quakers and Protestant Dissenters began to depart for Atlantic shores. Gallagher, "The Irish Immigration of 1847, "Trouble in the North End: The Geography of Social Violence in Saint John 1840-1860", https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=35&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&SearchText=Ontario&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1&type=1, https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=59&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&SearchText=British+Columbia&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1&type=1, https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=48&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&SearchText=Alberta&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1&type=1, https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=24&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&SearchText=Quebec&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1&type=1, https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=12&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&SearchText=Nova+Scotia&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1&type=1, https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=46&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&SearchText=Manitoba&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1&type=1, https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=47&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&SearchText=Saskatchewan&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1&type=0, https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=13&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&SearchText=New+Brunswick&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1&type=1, https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=10&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&SearchText=Newfoundland+and+Labrador&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1&type=1, https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=11&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&SearchText=Prince+Edward+Island&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1&type=1, https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=60&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&SearchText=Yukon&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1&type=1, https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=61&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&SearchText=Northwest+Territories&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1&type=1, https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=62&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&SearchText=Nunavut&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1&type=1, "Migration, Arrival, and Settlement before the Great Famine | Multicultural Canada", "The Call of the Wild Geese: An Ethnography of Diasporic Irish Language Revitalization in Southern and Eastern Ontario", "Winslow Papers: The Partition of Nova Scotia", "Saint John St. Patrick's Society clings to men-only tradition", "Culture - The Irish Language in New Brunswick - ICCANB", "Early Immigration – Prince Edward Island", "Ethnic origins, 2006 counts – Newfoundland and Labrador", The Irish in Ontario: A Study in Rural History, Piety and Nationalism: Lay Voluntary Associations and the Creation of an Irish-Catholic Community in Toronto 1850–1895, Irish Famine Immigration and the Social Structure of Canada West, Irish Migrants in the Canadas: A New Approach, What Determines Family Size? Alongside French-Canadians, thousands of Irish laboured in difficult conditions and terrain. Between 1830 and 1850, 624,000 Irish arrived; in contextual terms, at the end of this period, the population of the provinces of Canada was 2.4 million. [53] They were in repeated political conflict—sometimes violent—with the Protestant Scots-Irish "Orange" element.[54]. Nicolson (1985) argues that neither theory is valid. In other respects the respondents had less in common, some being Catholic and some Protestant.[48]. The reverse is true of those with Irish descent who migrated to Ontario from the Maritimes and Newfoundland seeking work, mostly since World War II. The labourers were known as ‘navvies’ and built much of the early infrastructure in the province. The early Irish came to the Miramichi because it was easy to get to with lumber ships stopping in Ireland before returning to Chatham and Newcastle, and because it provided economic opportunities, especially in the lumber industry. Religion and Wealth in Urban Canada at the Turn of the Twentieth Century: An Exploratory Study,", Adrian Ciani, "'An Imperialist Irishman': Bishop Michael Fallon, the Diocese of London and the Great War,". For the wealthier newcomers, business opportunities abounded. From 1840 to 1860 sectarian violence was rampant in Saint John resulting in some of the worst urban riots in Canadian history.[11]. Chinese workers were victims of discrimination: in addition to receiving lower wages for equivalent work, they did not enjoy the same benefits as Canadian workers. The United Irish Uprising occurred during April 1800, in St. John's, Newfoundland where up to 400 Irishmen had taken the secret oath of the Society of the United Irishmen. Cottrell (1999) examines the social, economic, political, religious, and ideological impact of the Irish diaspora on pioneer society and suggests that both individually and collectively, the Irish were a relatively privileged group. Irish women often saved what little money they received from these jobs to donate to the Church or send home to relatives. As the Irish became more prosperous and newer groups arrived on Canada's shores, tensions subsided through the remainder the latter part of the 19th century. O’Driscoll, Robert & Reynolds, Lorna (eds.) French Canadians did not participate in Fallon's efforts to support the war effort and became more marginalized in Ontario politics and society.[42]. The square overlooks Partridge Island, and a replica of the island's Celtic Cross stands in the square. Irish women often saved what little money they received from these jobs to donate to the Church or send home to relatives. most immigrants who enter canada are admitted as skilled workers. Murray Nicholson, "The Growth of Roman Catholic Institutions in the Archdiocese of Toronto, 1841-90," in Terrence Murphy and Gerald Stortz, eds, Michael R. Redclift, "Community and the Establishment of Social Order on the Canadian Frontier in the 1840s and 1850s: An English Immigrant's Account,", Murray W. Nicolson, "The Irish Experience in Ontario: Rural or Urban? [38], In 1877, a breakthrough in Irish Canadian Protestant-Catholic relations occurred in London, Ontario. The 1931 national census counted 1,230,000 Canadians of Irish descent, half of whom lived in Ontario. In the years between 1815, when vast industrial changes began to disrupt the old life-styles in Europe, and Canadian Confederation in 1867, when immigration of that era passed its peak, more than 150,000 immigrants from Ireland flooded into Saint John. Most dramatically, they intermarried with Protestants at an unprecedented rate. Through the late 19th and early 20th century, Irish immigration to Ontario continued but a slower pace, much of it family reunification. Mary Robinson, president of Ireland. Despite the enormous accomplishments of Irish immigrants, detailed knowledge of the integral role they have played in the evolution of Canadian society is scarce and incidental, since few formal studies have been done and records are scattered or missing. Along with traditional names, the Irish brought their native tongue. Grace. The Great Irish Hunger 1845–1849, had a large impact on Ontario. Today, many Québécois have some Irish ancestry. For years, Prince Edward Island had been divided between Irish Catholics and British Protestants (which included Ulster Scots from Northern Ireland). Privatism created a closed Irish society, and, while Irish Catholics cooperated in labour organizations for the sake of their families' future, they never shared in the development of a new working-class culture with their old Orange enemies. [43] Ontario is also home to Gaeltacht Bhuan Mheiriceá Thuaidh (the Permanent North American Gaeltacht), an area which hosts cultural activities for Irish speakers and learners and has been recognized by the Irish government.[44]. After World War I and the de facto resolution of the religious schools issue, any eastern Irish-Canadians moving west blended in totally with the majority society. Largely coincident with Protestant Irish settlement, its role pervaded the political, social and community as well as religious lives of its followers. Saint John and Chatham, New Brunswick saw large numbers of Irish migrants, changing the nature and character of both municipalities. The Irish constitute the second largest ethnic group in the province after French Canadians. Emigration became an intrinsic part of Irish life before independence, especially from the Famine onwards. This enabled them to think and feel like citizens of the new country in a way denied them back in the old country. Toronto had similar numbers of both Irish Protestants and Irish Catholics. [58] Presbyterian centres included Colchester County, Nova Scotia. Irish Canadians (Irish: Gaedheal-Cheanadaigh) are Canadian citizens who have full or partial Irish heritage including descendants who trace their ancestry to immigrants who originated in Ireland. To Newfoundland, the Irish gave the still-familiar family names of southeast Ireland: Walsh, Power, Murphy, Ryan, Whelan, Phelan, O'Brien, Kelly, Hanlon, Neville, Bambrick, Halley, Houlihan, Hogan, Dillon, Byrne, Quigley, Burke, and FitzGerald. The St. Patrick's Day Parade in Montreal is one of the oldest in North America, dating back to 1824. In 2006, Statistics Canada have listed the following ethnic origins in Newfoundland; 216,340 English, 107,390 Irish, 34,920 Scottish, 30,545 French, 23,940 North American Indian etc.[56]. Their cheap labour was needed by America's expanding cities for the construction of canals, roads, bridges, railroads and other infrastructure projects, and also found employment in the mining and quarrying industries. Irish Heritage in Canada. Thousands died or arrived sick and were treated in the hospital (equipped for less than one hundred patients) in the summer of 1847; in fact, many ships that reached Grosse-Île had lost the bulk of their passengers and crew, and much more died in quarantine on or near the island. By 1855 there were 200,000 Irish living in New York, and … St. Patrick's Day: a day of celebration in many cities across Canada. Irish men were not valued as property and allowed to perform more dangerous tasks. Thousands died in Ontario that summer alone, mostly from typhus. [65], In Montreal in 1853, the Orange Order organized speeches by the fiercely anti-Catholic and anti-Irish former priest Alessandro Gavazzi, resulting in a violent confrontation between the Irish and the Scots. St. Patrick's Basilica was founded in 1847 and served Montreal's English-speaking Catholics for over a century. Even larger numbers of Catholics headed to the United States; others went to Great Britain and Australia. In 1847, dubbed "Black 47", one of the worst years of the Famine, some 16,000 immigrants, most of them from Ireland, arrived at Partridge Island, the immigration and quarantine station at the mouth of Saint John Harbour. Toner, Peter M. "The Origins of the New Brunswick Irish, 1851,". The Irish Catholics (in contrast to the French) strongly supported Canada's role in the First World War. William Sommerville (1800–1878) was ordained in the Irish Reformed Presbyterian Church and in 1831 was sent as a missionary to New Brunswick. In this area Irish last names are prevalent and an Irish influence is apparent in the accent, the traditional music of the area, food, religion (Roman Catholic) and lingering traces of the Irish language. Michael Cottrell, "The Irish in Saskatchewan, 1850–1930: A Study Of Intergenerational Ethnicity", Scott W. See, "'An Unprecedented Influx': Nativism and Irish Famine Immigration To Canada,", Willeen G. Keogh, "Contested Terrains: Ethnic and Gendered Spaces in the Harbour Grace Affray,", Cecil Houston and William J. Smyth, "The Orange Order and the Expansion of the Frontier in Ontario, 1830–1900,", Rosalyn Trigger, "Irish Politics on Parade: The Clergy, National Societies, and St. Patrick's Day Processions in Nineteenth-Century Montreal and Toronto,", "Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables", "J.A. Pre-famine immigration from Ireland to Canada came mainly via shipping and industry. Saint John has often been called "Canada's Irish City". [51], The British divided St John's Island, following 1763, was divided into dozens of lots that were granted to "influential individuals in Britain" with conditions for land ownership including the settlement of each lot by 1787 by British Protestants. The Irish population essentially defined the Catholic population in Toronto until 1890, when German and French Catholics were welcomed to the city by the Irish, but the Irish were still 90% of the Catholic population. During the Great Famine of Ireland (1845-52), Canada received the most destitute Irish Catholics, who left Ireland in grave circumstances. [52], In May 1830 the first ship of families from County Monaghan, in the province of Ulster, Ireland accompanied by Father John MacDonald who had recruited them, arrived on the Island to settle in Fort Augustus, on the lots inherited by Father John MacDonald from his father Captain John MacDonald. The city was shaped by Irish ghettos at York Point, and suppression of poor, Irish-speaking peoples rights lead to decades of turmoil. The Irish often worked dangerous and low paying jobs creating roads and bridges across the country. Some, like Martin Cranney, held elective office and became the natural leaders of their augmented Irish community after the arrival of the famine immigrants. Most of the immigrants were attracted to North Hastings by free land grants beginning in 1856. The difficulty of farming these regions, however, saw many Irish immigrant families moving to the colony's major cities within a generation or to Portland, Maine or Boston. Female Irish immigrants took on jobs such as chambermaids, cooks and running errands for rich city dwellers. Irish immigrants have been crossing the Atlantic towards the Americas for centuries and many of those who made the first journeys were actually of a Protestant or Presbyterian background. The anthem "The Maple Leaf Forever", written and composed by Scottish immigrant and Orangeman Alexander Muir, reflects the pro-British Ulster loyalism outlook typical of the time with its disdainful view of Irish Republicanism. [66], Irish Canadians and Irish Americans, % of population by state or province, Pauline Ryan, "A Study of Irish Immigration to North Hastings County,". The Irish were thus a vital force for cohesion in an ethnically diverse frontier society, but also a source of major tension with elements that did not share their vision of how the province of Saskatchewan should evolve. With the help of Quebec's Catholic Church, they would establish their own churches, schools, and hospitals. In Antigonish County there are other villages of Irish provenance, and still others can be found on Cape Breton Island, in places such as New Waterford, Rocky Bay and Glace Bay. 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